How to Split a String Using the split() Method in Python

pip is a utility that turns Python package installation and management into a straightforward task. From Python beginners to coding wizards, having this utility on your Windows computer is a true game-changer. It effortlessly facilitates the setup of crucial frameworks and libraries for your development needs. Automating package management with pip frees up your time and reduces the complications linked to manual installations. Follow this guide to become proficient in configuring pip and overseeing your Python packages seamlessly. pip Setup Process for Windows Here are the guidelines to set up pip on a Windows machine. Step 1: Confirm Installation Verify Python is operational on your device before starting the pip setup. To carry out this operation, run command prompt and apply: python --version   If Python's not present on your system, download it from the official site. Step 2: Download get-pip.py Python's standard installation package automatically includes pip. However, in case of accidental removal, grab the get-pip.py script.  You have a couple of options: either visit the pip.py webpage, or use the curl command for a quick install: curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py Note: Installing Python again to get pip is also an option. However, it can sometimes lead to conflicts with other dependencies or settings. Your existing Python setup stays unchanged with this script. Step 3: Run get-pip.py Move to the script’s location through the command prompt and apply: python get-pip.py This will smoothly install pip on your device. Step 4: Confirm pip Installation Validate the installation by executing: pip --version Applying this command ensures pip is installed on the system. Step 5: Add pip to System PATH If the command doesn't execute properly, update your system PATH with these instructions to incorporate pip: Access Properties by right-clicking on My Computer or This PC from the drop-down menu. Opt for Advanced system settings. Select Environment Variables. Head over to System Variables, spot the Path variable, and choose Edit. Insert the Python Scripts directory into your system PATH, for example, C:\Python39\Scripts. Alternative Ways for pip Installation on Windows Let's discuss a few other ways to effortlessly get pip running on Windows. Via Built-in ensurepip Module From Python 3.4 onward, there's an awesome built-in module named ensurepip. With this tool, pip installation is simplified, eliminating the need for the get-pip.py script. Step 1: Run ensurepip Input the command below to set up pip: python -m ensurepip --default-pip Step 2: Verify pip Installation Check pip version through: pip --version Python Installer Approach for pip Installation Ensure the pip checkbox is marked during the Python setup. Here's how: Step 1: Download Installer Fire up your favorite browser, go to the official Python website, and acquire the most recent installation file. Step 2: Launch the Installer Launch the installer you've downloaded and remember to pick the Add Python to PATH option while setting up. Step 3: Install pip While progressing through the setup, don't forget to enable the Install pip option. Step 4: Validate pip is Installed When the setup wraps up, check pip installation via: pip --version Adjusting pip Version: Upgrade or Downgrade pip can be adjusted to suit your requirements by upgrading or downgrading. Here's how: Upgrading pip To give pip a fresh upgrade, execute: python -m pip install --upgrade pip Downgrading pip To roll back pip, apply: python -m pip install pip==<version> Enter the desired version number to install instead of <version> (e.g., 21.0). Resolving pip Installation Issues: Essential Commands Let's discover common pip installation issues and their fixes: Issue 1: "pip" is not recognized as an internal or external command Solution: This implies the pip path isn't set in your system PATH. Simply follow the instructions in "Step 5" to fix this. Issue 2: Permission Denied Solution: Elevate your command prompt privileges by right-clicking the Command Prompt icon and choosing Run as administrator. Afterward, rerun the commands. Issue 3: Missing Dependencies Solution: Sometimes, you'll run into trouble because of missing dependencies. To correct this, manually install the essential dependencies with pip. For example: pip install package_name Swap out package_name for the appropriate dependency. Utilizing Virtual Environments Employing virtual environments keeps dependencies distinct and avoids any conflicts. Here's how to utilize a virtual environment with pip: Creating a Virtual Environment python -m venv env_name Replace env_name with your desired environment name. Initiating Your Virtual Environment env_name\Scripts\activate Standard pip Commands To explore pip's usage, check these essential commands: Installing a Package pip install package_name Modify package_name to accurately reflect the package you're aiming to install. Uninstalling a Package pip uninstall package_name Showing Installed Packages pip list Showing Package Information pip show package_name Optimal Strategies for Package Management Employ virtual environments to handle dependencies efficiently in multiple projects. Regularly inspect and upgrade your packages to keep everything running smoothly. Prepare requirements files to ease the management of dependencies in your projects. Securing pip Installation Ensuring the protection of packages handled by pip is critical. Here are some tips to keep your environment secure: Maintain project isolation to avoid conflicts and secure installations. Check the trustworthiness and verification of package sources before installing. Always refer to official repositories and examine reviews if they are available. Consistently update pip and your packages to stay protected with the latest security patches and improvements. Periodically review your dependencies for known vulnerabilities. Tools such as pip-audit can assist in identifying and resolving security concerns. Adhere to secure coding standards and steer clear of deprecated or insecure packages. Integrating pip with IDEs pip can be effortlessly embedded into various Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), significantly boosting your development efficiency: VS Code: Utilize the built-in terminal for direct pip command and package management within the editor. PyCharm: Streamline package management by setting up pip configurations via the project interpreter. This simplifies the process of installing and managing packages customized to your project's specific needs. Jupyter Notebook: Employ magic commands in the notebook interface for direct package installation. This provides a smooth and integrated experience for managing dependencies while you work on your interactive notebooks.  Conclusion Windows offers several methods to set up pip, catering to different preferences and requirements. No matter if you select the .py script, use Python's built-in ensurepip module, or enable pip during the initial setup, these approaches will make sure pip is properly configured on your system. This all-in-one guide empowers you to handle and install Python packages with ease. Don't forget, keeping pip updated is essential for ensuring the security and efficiency of your Python setup. Routinely check for updates and keep pip upgraded. In addition, on our application platform you can find Python apps, such as Celery, Django, FastAPI and Flask.

Python offers several fundamental data structures for storing data. Among the most popular are: List: Values with indices. Dictionary: Values with keys. Converting data from one type to another is essential to any dynamically typed programming language. Python, of course, is no exception. This guide will explain in detail what lists and dictionaries are and demonstrate various ways to convert one type to another. All examples in this article were executed using the Python interpreter version 3.10.12 on the Ubuntu 22.04 operating system, running on a Hostman cloud server. The list Type A list in Python is an ordered data structure of the "index-value" type. To create a list, use square brackets with values separated by commas: my_list = [False, True, 2, 'three', 4, 5] The list structure can be displayed in the console: print(my_list) The output will look like this: [False, True, 2, 'three', 4, 5] Accessing list values is done via indices: print(my_list[0]) # Output: False print(my_list[1]) # Output: True print(my_list[2]) # Output: 2 print(my_list[3]) # Output: three print(my_list[4]) # Output: 4 print(my_list[5]) # Output: 5 The dict Type A dictionary in Python is an unordered data structure of the "key-value" type. To create a dictionary, use curly braces with keys and values separated by colons and each pair separated by commas: my_dict = { 'James': '357 99 056 050', 'Natalie': '357 96 540 432', 'Kate': '357 96 830 726' } You can display the dictionary structure in the console as follows: print(my_dict) The output will look like this: {'James': '357 99 056 050', 'Natalie': '357 96 540 432', 'Kate': '357 96 830 726'} Accessing dictionary values is done via keys: print(my_dict['James']) # Output: 357 99 056 050 print(my_dict['Natalie']) # Output: 357 96 540 432 print(my_dict['Kate']) # Output: 357 96 830 726 Converting a List to a Dictionary You can convert a list to a dictionary in several ways: Use the dict.fromkeys() function, which creates a new dictionary with keys from the list. Use a dictionary comprehension with auxiliary functions and conditional operators. The latter option provides more flexibility for generating new dictionaries from existing lists. Creating Dictionary Keys from a List Using dict.fromkeys() The simplest way to create a dictionary from a list is to take the elements of a list instance and make them the keys of a dict instance. Optionally, you can add a default value for all keys in the new dictionary. This can be achieved using the standard dict.fromkeys() function. With this method, you can set a default value for all keys but not for individual keys. Here is an example of creating such a dictionary with keys from a list: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] # list of objects objects_states = dict.fromkeys(objects, 'angry') # create a dictionary with a default value for all keys objects_states_empty = dict.fromkeys(objects) # create a dictionary without specifying default values print(objects_states) # output the created dictionary with values print(objects_states_empty) # output the created dictionary without values Console output: {'human': 'angry', 'cat': 'angry', 'alien': 'angry', 'car': 'angry'} {'human': None, 'cat': None, 'alien': None, 'car': None} Creating a Dictionary from a List Using Dictionary Comprehension Another way to turn a list into dictionary keys is by using dictionary comprehension. This method is more flexible and allows for greater customization of the new dictionary. In its simplest form, the comprehension iterates over the list and copies all its elements as keys into a new dictionary, assigning them a specified default value. Here’s how to create a dictionary from a list using dictionary comprehension: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] objects_states = {obj: 'angry' for obj in objects} # dictionary comprehension with a string as the default value objects_states_empty = {obj: None for obj in objects} # dictionary comprehension with a default value of None print(objects_states) print(objects_states_empty) Console output: {'human': 'angry', 'cat': 'angry', 'alien': 'angry', 'car': 'angry'} {'human': None, 'cat': None, 'alien': None, 'car': None} In Python, the None object is a special value (null in most programming languages) that represents the absence of a value. The None object has a type of NoneType: print(type(None))  # Output: <class 'NoneType'> Creating a Dictionary from a List Using Dictionary Comprehension and the zip() Function A more advanced method is to use two lists to generate a dictionary: one for the keys and the other for their values. For this purpose, Python provides the zip() function, which allows iteration over multiple objects simultaneously. In simple loops, we can use this function like this: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] for obj, state in zip(objects, states): print(obj, state) The console output will be: human walking cat purring alien hiding car driving Thanks to this function, dictionary comprehension can simultaneously use elements from one list as keys and elements from another as values. In this case, the syntax for dictionary comprehension is not much different from a simple iteration: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] # list of future dictionary keys states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] # list of future dictionary values objects_states = {obj: state for obj, state in zip(objects, states)} # dictionary comprehension iterating over both lists print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'alien': 'hiding', 'car': 'driving'} A natural question arises: what happens if one of the lists is shorter than the other? objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring'] objects_states = {obj: state for obj, state in zip(objects, states)} print(objects_states) The output will be: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring'} Thus, iteration in the dictionary comprehension stops at the shortest list. The code above can be written in a very compact form using the dict() constructor: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] objects_states = dict(zip(objects, states)) # create a dictionary from two lists without a for loop print(objects_states) The console output will be the same as in the previous examples: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'alien': 'hiding', 'car': 'driving'} Creating a Dictionary with zip() and Conditional Logic In real-world applications, logic is often more complex than the simple examples shown earlier. Sometimes, you need to convert lists into dictionaries while applying specific conditions. For instance, some elements might need modification before inclusion in the dictionary or might not be included at all. This can be achieved using conditions in dictionary comprehensions. For example, we can exclude specific elements from the resulting dictionary: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] objects_states = {obj: state for obj, state in zip(objects, states) if obj != 'alien'} # Protect Earth from unknown extraterrestrial influence print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'car': 'driving'} We can refine the selection criteria further by introducing multiple conditions: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] objects_states = {obj: state for obj, state in zip(objects, states) if obj != 'alien' if obj != 'cat'} # Exclude the alien and the cat—who might be a disguised visitor from another galaxy print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'walking', 'car': 'driving'} When using multiple if statements in a dictionary comprehension, they behave as if connected by a logical and operator. You can make dictionary generation even more flexible by combining if and else operators: objects = ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] states = ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] # In this example, all string elements in the first list are longer than those in the second list, except for 'cat' objects_states = { obj: ('[SUSPICIOUS]' if len(obj) < len(state) else 'calmly ' + state) for obj, state in zip(objects, states) } # Mark the suspicious 'cat' appropriately and slightly modify other values print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'calmly walking', 'cat': '[SUSPICIOUS]', 'alien': 'calmly hiding', 'car': 'calmly driving'} Creating a Complex Dictionary from a Single List In the earlier examples, we created dictionaries from two separate lists. But what if the keys and values needed for the new dictionary are contained within a single list? In such cases, the logic of the dictionary comprehension needs to be adjusted: objects_and_states = [ 'human', 'walking', 'cat', 'purring', 'alien', 'hiding', 'car', 'driving' ] # Keys and values are stored sequentially in one list objects_states = { objects_and_states[i]: objects_and_states[i + 1] for i in range(0, len(objects_and_states), 2) } # The `range` function specifies the start, end, and step for iteration: range(START, STOP, STEP) print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'alien': 'hiding', 'car': 'driving'} Sometimes, a list might contain nested dictionaries as elements. The values of these nested dictionaries can also be used to create a new dictionary. Here’s how the logic changes in such cases: objects = [ {'name': 'human', 'state': 'walking', 'location': 'street'}, {'name': 'cat', 'state': 'purring', 'location': 'windowsill'}, {'name': 'alien', 'state': 'hiding', 'location': 'spaceship'}, {'name': 'car', 'state': 'driving', 'location': 'highway'} ] objects_states = { obj['name']: obj['state'] for obj in objects } # Extract 'name' as key and 'state' as value print(objects_states) Console output: {'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'alien': 'hiding', 'car': 'driving'} This approach enables handling more complex data structures, such as lists of dictionaries, by targeting specific key-value pairs from each nested dictionary. Converting a Dictionary to a List Converting a dictionary into a list in Python is a straightforward task, often better described as extracting data. From a single dictionary, you can derive several types of lists: A list of keys A list of values A list of key-value pairs Here’s how it can be done: objects_states = { 'human': 'walking', 'cat': 'purring', 'alien': 'hiding', 'car': 'driving' } # Convert dictionary components to lists using the `list()` function objects_keys = list(objects_states.keys()) # List of keys objects_values = list(objects_states.values()) # List of values objects_items = list(objects_states.items()) # List of key-value pairs print(objects_keys) print(objects_values) print(objects_items) Console output: ['human', 'cat', 'alien', 'car'] ['walking', 'purring', 'hiding', 'driving'] [('human', 'walking'), ('cat', 'purring'), ('alien', 'hiding'), ('car', 'driving')] Conclusion Lists and dictionaries are fundamental data structures in Python, each offering distinct ways of storing and accessing data. Dictionaries are more informative than lists, storing data as key-value pairs, whereas lists store values that are accessed by index. Converting a dictionary into a list is straightforward, requiring no additional data since you’re simply extracting keys, values, or their pairs. Converting a list into a dictionary, on the other hand, requires additional data or rules to map the list elements to dictionary keys and values. There are a few methods to convert a List to Dictionary Tool Key Values Syntax dict.fromkeys() Common new_dict = dict.fromkeys(old_list) Dictionary Comprehension Common new_dict = {new_key: 'any value' for new_key in old_list} Dict Comp + zip() Unique new_dict = {new_key: old_val for new_key, old_val in zip(list1, list2)} Dict Comp + zip() + if Unique new_dict = {new_key: old_val for new_key, old_val in zip(list1, list2) if ...} Dict Comp + zip() + if-else Unique new_dict = {new_key: (... if ... else ...) for new_key, old_val in zip(list1, list2)} Complex lists may require more intricate dictionary comprehension syntax. Techniques shown in this guide, such as using zip() and range() for iterations, help handle such cases. Converting a dictionary to a list is also possible in several ways, but it is much simpler. Tool Extracts Syntax list.keys() Keys list(old_dict.keys()) list.values() Values list(old_dict.values()) list.items() Key-Value Pairs list(old_dict.items()) Python offers flexible and efficient ways to convert structured data types between lists and dictionaries, enabling powerful manipulation and access.

A dictionary (or dict) is an unordered data structure in Python (unlike a list) that takes the form of "key-value" pairs. In simpler terms, a dictionary is like a notebook with no specific order, where each number (value) is associated with a specific name (key). James +357 99 056 050 Julia +357 96 540 432 Alexander +357 96 830 726 Each key in a Python dictionary is completely unique, but the values can be repeated. For example, if you add a new entry with the name "Julia" (value) and a new number (key), the entry will not duplicate but instead update the existing value. To find a specific number, you need to provide the name. This makes Python dictionaries a convenient way to search through large datasets. The following data types can be used as keys: Strings Numbers (integers and floats) Tuples Values can be any data type, including other dictionaries and lists. Creating a Dictionary This guide uses Python version 3.10.12. Using Curly Braces {} The simplest and most straightforward way to create a dictionary is by using curly braces. For example, this creates an empty dictionary with no keys or values: empty_dictionary = {} Here’s how to create a dictionary with keys and values inside: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} The names in quotes are the keys, and the numbers are their values. The previously shown table can be represented as a dictionary like this: team_phones = { "James": "+357 99 056 050", "Julia": "+357 96 540 432", "Alexander": "+357 96 830 726" } In this case, the values are of string type, not numeric. By the way, you can also use single quotes instead of double quotes: team_phones = { 'James': '+357 99 056 050', 'Julia': '+357 96 540 432', 'Alexander': '+357 96 830 726' } Using the dict() Function As with many other types of variables, a dictionary can be created using its corresponding function. For example, this creates an empty dictionary: just_dictionary = dict() And this creates a dictionary with keys and values: keys_and_values = [("Alexander", 23), ("Victoria", 43), ("Eugene", 26), ("Meredith", 52), ("Maria", 32)] team_ages = dict(keys_and_values) In this case, a list of so-called tuples — pairs of "key-value" — is created first. However, there is a more concise way to create a dictionary using the function: team_ages = dict(Alexander = 23, Victoria = 43, Eugene = 26, Meredith = 52, Maria = 32) Here, each function argument becomes a key with a corresponding value in the new dictionary. Using the dict.fromkeys() Function Another way to create a dictionary is by converting a list into a dictionary. There are a few nuances to this approach: The elements of the list become the keys of the new dictionary. You can specify a default value for all keys at once, rather than for each key individually. For example, this creates a dictionary where the values of the keys will be empty: team_names = ["Alexander", "Victoria", "Eugene", "Meredith", "Maria"] # list with keys team_ages = dict.fromkeys(team_names) print(team_ages) The console output will be: {'Alexander': None, 'Victoria': None, 'Eugene': None, 'Meredith': None, 'Maria': None} And this creates a dictionary with a specified value, which will be common for all keys: team_names = ["Alexander", "Victoria", "Eugene", "Meredith", "Maria"] team_ages = dict.fromkeys(team_names, 0) # setting the default value as the second argument print(team_ages) The console output will be: {'Alexander': 0, 'Victoria': 0, 'Eugene': 0, 'Meredith': 0, 'Maria': 0} Dictionary Comprehension A more unconventional way to create a dictionary is by generating it from other data using a so-called dictionary comprehension, which is a compact for loop with rules for dictionary generation written inside. In this case, the generator loop iterates through the data structure from which the dictionary is created. For example, here’s how to create a dictionary from a list with a default value for all keys: team_names = ["Alexander", "Victoria", "Eugene", "Meredith", "Maria"] team_ages = {name: 0 for name in team_names} # dictionary generator with 0 as the default value print(team_ages) The console output will be identical to the previous example: {'Alexander': 0, 'Victoria': 0, 'Eugene': 0, 'Meredith': 0, 'Maria': 0} However, the main advantage of this method is the ability to assign individual values to each key. For this, you need to prepare two lists and slightly modify the basic dictionary comprehension syntax: team_names = ["Alexander", "Victoria", "Eugene", "Meredith", "Maria"] team_numbers = [23, 43, 26, 52, 32] team_ages = {name: age for name, age in zip(team_names, team_numbers)} # using the zip() function to iterate over two lists simultaneously print(team_ages) The zip() function combines the two lists into a list of tuples, which is then iterated over in the comprehension loop. In this case, the console output will be: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} There is also a more complex variant that generates a dictionary from a single list containing both keys and values: team_data = ["Alexander", 23, "Victoria", 43, "Eugene", 26, "Meredith", 52, "Maria", 32] # keys and values are stored sequentially in one list team_ages = {team_data[i]: team_data[i+1] for i in range(0, len(team_data), 2)} # loop runs through the list with a step of 2 print(team_ages) In this example, the range() function sets the length and iteration step for the loop. The console output will be identical to the previous ones: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} Adding Elements You can add an element to a dictionary by specifying a previously non-existent key in square brackets and assigning a new value to it: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages["Catherine"] = 28 # Adding a new key-value pair print(team_ages) The console output will be: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32, 'Catherine': 28} Modifying Elements Modifying an element is syntactically the same as adding one, except that the element already exists in the dictionary: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages["Victoria"] = 44 # Updating the existing value print(team_ages) The console output will be: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 44, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} Accessing Elements You can access the values in a dictionary using square brackets with the key: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} print(team_ages["Eugene"]) The console output will be: 26 Or with a more visual example using the previously shown table: team_phones = { "James": "+357 99 056 050", "Julia": "+357 96 540 432", "Alexander": "+357 96 830 726" } print(team_phones["Julia"]) The console output will be: +357 96 540 432 Removing Elements You can remove an element from a dictionary using the del keyword: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} del team_ages["Victoria"] # Deleting the element with the key "Victoria" print(team_ages) The console output will not contain the deleted element: {'Alexander': 23, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} Managing Elements A dictionary in Python has a set of special methods for managing its elements — both keys and values. Many of these methods duplicate the previously shown functions for adding, modifying, and deleting elements. The dict.update() Function This method adds new elements to a dictionary by passing another dictionary as an argument: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages.update({ "John": 32, "Catherine": 28 }) print(team_ages) The output in the console will be: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32, 'John': 32, 'Catherine': 28} The same result can be achieved by pre-creating a dictionary with the elements to be added: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_add = {"John": 32, "Catherine": 28} team_ages.update(team_add) print(team_ages) Again, the output will be the same: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32, 'John': 32, 'Catherine': 28} The dict.get() Function You can access the value of a dictionary not only with square brackets but also through the corresponding function: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} print(team_ages.get("Victoria")) print(team_ages["Victoria"]) Both console outputs will be: 4343 Now, what happens if a non-existing key is passed as an argument: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} print(team_ages.get("Anastasia")) The console output will be: None However, the main feature of get() compared to square brackets is the ability to specify a value for a non-existing key as the second argument: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} print(team_ages.get("Anastasia", "Non-existent employee")) In this case, the console output will be: Non-existent employee When using square brackets, you would need to use a try/except block to handle cases where you are not sure if the key exists. The dict.pop() Function In dictionaries, there is a specific function to delete an element by key: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages.pop("Alexander") print(team_ages) The console output will be: {'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} The dict.popitem() Function Instead of deleting a specific element by key, you can delete the last added item: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_add = {"John": 32, "Catherine": 28} team_ages.update({"John": 32}) print(team_ages) team_ages.popitem() print(team_ages) The console output will show the dictionary with the added element and then its contents after the element is removed: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32, 'John': 32} {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} The dict.clear() Function You can completely clear a dictionary using the corresponding method: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages.clear() print(team_ages) The console output will show an empty dictionary: {} The dict.copy() Function You can fully copy a dictionary: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} team_ages_copy = team_ages.copy() print(team_ages) print(team_ages_copy) The console output will contain the same content from two different dictionaries: {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} {'Alexander': 23, 'Victoria': 43, 'Eugene': 26, 'Meredith': 52, 'Maria': 32} The dict.setdefault() Function Sometimes, the mechanics of adding or retrieving a key are not enough. Often, you need more complex behavior. For example, in some cases, you need to check for the presence of a key and immediately get its value, and if the key doesn't exist, it should be automatically added. Python provides a special method for this operation: team_ages = {"Alexander": 23, "Victoria": 43, "Eugene": 26, "Meredith": 52, "Maria": 32} print(team_ages.setdefault("Alexander")) # This key already exists print(team_ages.setdefault("John")) # This key doesn't exist, so it will be created with the value None print(team_ages.setdefault("Catherine", 29)) # This key doesn't exist, so it will be created with the value 29 The console output will show results for all requested names, regardless of whether they existed at the time of the function call: 23None29 Dictionary Transformation You can extract data from a dictionary's keys and values. Typically, this extraction operation is performed to convert the dictionary into another data type, such as a list. There are several functions for extracting data from a dictionary in Python: dict.keys() — returns an object with the dictionary's keys dict.values() — returns an object with the dictionary's values dict.items() — returns an object with "key-value" tuples Here's an example of how to extract data from a dictionary and convert it into a list: team_phones = { "James": "+357 99 056 050", "Julia": "+357 96 540 432", "Alexander": "+357 96 830 726" } # All returned objects are converted into lists using the list() function team_names = list(team_phones.keys()) # List of dictionary keys team_numbers = list(team_phones.values()) # List of dictionary values team_all = list(team_phones.items()) # List of "key-value" pairs print(team_names) print(team_numbers) print(team_all) The console output will be: ['James', 'Julia', 'Alexander'] ['+357 99 056 050', '+357 96 540 432', '+357 96 830 726'] [('James', '+357 99 056 050'), ('Julia', '+357 96 540 432'), ('Alexander', '+357 96 830 726')] In the above example, the returned objects from the dictionary are explicitly converted into lists. However, this step is not necessary: team_phones = { "James": "+357 99 056 050", "Julia": "+357 96 540 432", "Alexander": "+357 96 830 726" } print(team_phones.keys()) print(team_phones.values()) print(team_phones.items()) The console output will be: dict_keys(['James', 'Julia', 'Alexander']) dict_values(['+357 99 056 050', '+357 96 540 432', '+357 96 830 726']) dict_items([('James', '+357 99 056 050'), ('Julia', '+357 96 540 432'), ('Alexander', '+357 96 830 726')]) Conclusion In Python, a dictionary is an unordered data structure in the form of "key-value" pairs, with which you can perform the following operations: Creating a dictionary from scratch Generating a dictionary from other data Adding elements Modifying elements Accessing elements Removing elements Managing elements Transforming the dictionary Thus, a dictionary solves many problems related to finding a specific value within a large data structure — any value from the dictionary is retrieved using its corresponding key. If you want to build a web service using Python, you can rent a cloud server at competitive prices with Hostman.