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17 Linux Commands Every Sysadmin Should Know

 17 Linux Commands Every Sysadmin Should Know
Hostman Team
Technical writer
Linux
20.02.2024
Reading time: 6 min

Linux, renowned for its robustness, security, and flexibility, is a prominent operating system widely embraced in the realm of system administration. As a sysadmin, navigating through the intricate landscape of Linux commands is not only a skill but a necessity. These commands serve as the building blocks for efficiently managing and maintaining Linux systems.

Understanding Linux Operations

Linux operates on a command-line interface, offering a powerful environment where tasks are accomplished through textual commands. Unlike graphical interfaces, the command line provides granular control, allowing sysadmins to execute precise operations and automate complex tasks. This approach empowers administrators to efficiently handle various system management duties, from file manipulation to process monitoring.

The Vast Array of Linux Commands

Linux has an extensive array of commands, each designed to perform specific functions. From basic file operations to advanced networking configurations, Linux commands cover a spectrum of tasks. System administrators often find themselves navigating through this vast toolkit to ensure the smooth operation of servers and networks.

The Importance of 17 Essential Linux Commands

Among the myriad of Linux commands, certain ones stand out as fundamental tools that every sysadmin should master. These commands serve as the backbone of Linux system management, providing the means to perform essential operations with precision and reliability.

In this guide, we will delve into 17 crucial Linux commands, exploring their functionalities, and understanding why they are indispensable for sysadmins. These commands range from navigating the file system to monitoring processes, configuring permissions, and connecting to remote servers securely.

1. pwd - Print Working Directory

The pwd command stands for "Print Working Directory." It reveals the absolute path of the current working directory, aiding the user in understanding their location within the file system.

# Display current working directory
pwd

# Example output
/home/user

2. ls - List Directory Contents

The ls command lists the contents of a directory. It's a versatile command with various options to display details like file permissions, owner, size, and modification time.

# List files and directories
ls

# List detailed information
ls -l

3. cd - Change Directory

The cd command is used to change the current working directory. It enables quick navigation through the file system.

# Change to a specific directory
cd /path/to/directory

4. cp - Copy

The cp command copies files or directories. It's useful for creating backups or duplicating files.

# Copy a file to a destination
cp file.txt /path/to/destination

5. mv - Move

The mv command moves files or directories. It's not only for relocation but also for renaming files.

# Move a file to a destination
mv file.txt /path/to/destination

6. rm - Remove

The rm command removes files or directories. Caution is advised, as deleted files are not sent to the trash but permanently deleted.

# Remove a file
rm file.txt

7. mkdir - Make Directory

The mkdir command creates a new directory. It's used when organizing files or when a new project requires a dedicated folder.

# Create a new directory
mkdir new_directory

8. less - Exploring Text Files

The less command in Linux is a versatile tool for viewing text files directly from the command line. It allows users to navigate through files easily, without needing to open a separate text editor. Here's an example of how to use the less command:

less /path/to/file.txt

This command opens the specified text file (file.txt in this example) in the less pager. Once opened, you can scroll through the file using the arrow keys. Pressing the spacebar moves forward one page, and pressing "b" moves backward one page. To quit less, simply press "q". This command is particularly useful when working with large log files or examining the contents of system configuration files directly from the terminal.

9. chmod - Change Mode

The chmod command changes the permissions of a file or directory. It's crucial for managing access rights to files and directories.

# Change permissions to read, write, and execute for owner, read for group and others
chmod 755 file.txt

10. chown - Change Owner

The chown command changes the owner of a file or directory. It's helpful when transferring ownership of files between users.

# Change owner and group of a file
chown user:group file.txt

11. ps - Process Status

The ps command displays information about active processes. The aux option provides detailed information, including the process ID (PID) and resource usage.

# Display detailed process information
ps aux

12. top - Display System Activity

The top command displays real-time system statistics. It's an interactive tool that shows processes, their resource usage, and system performance.

# Display real-time system activity
top

13. kill - Terminate a Process

The kill command terminates a process by ID. It sends a signal to the specified process, allowing graceful termination or forceful shutdown.

# Terminate a process by ID
kill PID

14. df - Disk Free

The df command displays disk space usage. The -h option presents information in a human-readable format, showing free and used disk space.

# Display disk space usage in a human-readable format
df -h

15. du - Disk Usage

The du command displays the disk space used by a file or directory. The -h option makes the output human-readable.

# Display disk usage of a file or directory
du -h file.txt

16. grep - Global Regular Expression Print

The grep command searches for a pattern in files. It's a powerful tool for text searching and pattern matching.

# Search for a pattern in a file
grep "pattern" file.txt

17. ssh - Secure Shell

The ssh command enables a secure shell connection to a remote server. It's crucial for remote server administration and secure file transfers.

# Connect to a remote server via SSH
ssh username@91.206.179.181

Conclusion

These 17 Linux commands form the foundation for effective system administration. Understanding their functionalities and mastering their usage empowers sysadmins to efficiently manage Linux systems. As you navigate through these commands, keep in mind the importance of precision and caution, ensuring the smooth operation and security of your Linux environment. The integration of platforms like Hostman further simplifies and enhances the management of applications on Linux servers, providing a user-friendly experience for sysadmins at every level of expertise.

Whether you are a seasoned sysadmin or someone embarking on the journey of Linux system administration, mastering these 17 commands is key to enhancing your proficiency and efficiency. 

Join us on this comprehensive journey into the heart of Linux system administration, where each command becomes a valuable tool in your arsenal, empowering you to confidently navigate and manage Linux systems.

You can try our reliable Linux VPS for your projects. 

Linux
20.02.2024
Reading time: 6 min

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The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol facilitates network file sharing, allowing applications to read and write to files and request services from server programs. This protocol is pivotal for seamless communication between different devices in a network, particularly in mixed OS environments like Windows and Linux. Mounting an SMB share in Linux enables users to access files on a Windows server or another SMB-enabled device directly from their Linux system. This tutorial will guide you through the process of mounting an SMB share on Linux, ensuring smooth file sharing and network communication. Prerequisites for Mounting SMB Shares Before mounting an SMB share, ensure the following prerequisites are met: A Linux system, such as a Hostman cheap cloud server, with root or sudo privileges. The cifs-utils package installed on your Linux system. Access credentials (username and password) for the SMB share. Network connectivity between your Linux system and the SMB server. Installing Necessary Packages The cifs-utils package is essential for mounting SMB shares on Linux. Additionally, the psmisc package provides the fuser command, which helps manage and monitor file usage. Update Package List and Upgrade System First, update your package list and upgrade your system: sudo apt update Install cifs-utils and psmisc Install the necessary packages: sudo apt install cifs-utils psmisc Verify Installation Verify the installation of cifs-utils and availability of the fuser command: mount -t cifsfuser Finding SMB Share Details Identify the SMB share details, including the server name or IP address and the share name. You might need to consult your network administrator or check the server configuration. Example: Server: smbserver.example.com Share: sharedfolder Mounting SMB Shares Using the mount Command To mount the SMB share, use the mount command with the -t cifs option, specifying the SMB protocol. Create a directory to serve as the mount point: sudo mkdir /mnt/smb_share Mount the SMB share using the following command: sudo mount -t cifs -o username=your_username,password=your_password //192.0.2.17/SharedFiles /mnt/smb_share Replace your_username and your_password with your actual username and password. Ensure /mnt/smb_share is an existing directory. Verifying the Mount To confirm that the SMB share is successfully mounted, use the mount command: mount -t cifs Navigate to the mount point and list the files: cd /mnt/smb_sharels Creating a Credentials File To avoid entering credentials each time, create a credentials file. This file should be hidden and secured. Use a text editor to create the file: nano ~/.smbcredentials Add the following content, replacing with your actual credentials: username=your_usernamepassword=your_password Set appropriate permissions for the file: sudo chown your_username: ~/.smbcredentialssudo chmod 600 ~/.smbcredentials Mount Using the Credentials File Mount the SMB share using the credentials file: sudo mount -t cifs -o credentials=~/.smbcredentials //192.168.2.12/SharedFiles /mnt/smb_share Automating SMB Share Mounts To automate the mounting process, add an entry to the /etc/fstab file. This will ensure the SMB share is mounted at boot. 1. Open /etc/fstab for editing: sudo nano /etc/fstab 2. Add the following line: //smbserver.example.com/sharedfolder /mnt/smbshare cifs username=johndoe,password=securepassword,iocharset=utf8,sec=ntlm 0 0 3. Save and close the file. 4. Test the fstab entry: sudo mount -a Ensure no errors are displayed. Troubleshooting Common Issues Permission Denied Check your credentials and permissions on the SMB server. No Such File or Directory Ensure the server IP, share path, and mount point are correct. Mount Error 13 = Permission Denied Double-check your username and password. Mount Error 112 = Host is Down Verify network connectivity and server availability. Unmounting an SMB Share To unmount the SMB share, use the umount command followed by the mount point: sudo umount /mnt/smb_share Conclusion Mounting an SMB share in Linux is a straightforward process that enhances file sharing capabilities across different operating systems. By following this tutorial, you can efficiently set up and troubleshoot SMB share mounts, facilitating seamless network communication and file access. Don't forget to check how to configure server image on Lunix! Frequently Asked Questions What is Samba in Linux and how does it relate to SMB? Samba is an open-source implementation of the SMB/CIFS protocol in Linux. It allows Linux systems to share files and printers with Windows devices over a network. What is the command to mount a Windows share in Linux? Use mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o username=your_user. How can I auto-mount an SMB share on boot in Linux? Add the mount configuration to /etc/fstab using proper credentials. Do I need root access to mount an SMB share? For traditional mounting, yes. But user-space tools like gio mount can be used without root.
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How to Check OS Version in Linux

The popularity of the powerful and versatile Linux operating system lies in the variety of available versions. From Ubuntu to Red Hat, from Mint to Fedora, each Linux version offers users unique features and benefits. Hostman offers a reliable managed Linux VPS. It is important to check Linux OS version for compatibility, as varied versions have different software requirements. Using an older version may not allow you to install and run the latest software updates. Some hardware components may not be supported by certain Linux versions. Knowing your OS version can help you troubleshoot any compatibility issues. Therefore, it is important to check the Linux OS version and know which one you're using.  Knowing your OS version in Linux is obligatory for security reasons. All operating systems release updates to address security vulnerabilities, and Linux is no exception. If you know your OS version, you can be sure that the necessary security updates are installed. 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Linux's open-source nature and flexibility enable various people and organizations to create and modify these distributions to meet specific needs. For example: Distributions such as Ubuntu, Debian, and Linux Mint are pretty useful for beginners because they offer user-friendly interfaces, extensive documentation, and a strong community network. Advanced distributions like Arch Linux grant unparalleled customization and autonomy, ideal for users who prefer crafting their systems from the ground up. Server-oriented distributions like CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) are engineered for reliability, security, and top-tier performance, making them perfect for enterprise environments and critical applications. Specialized distributions like Kali Linux for security testing and Tails for anonymity are designed for specific purposes. A typical Linux distribution includes the Linux kernel (which controls hardware), a package manager (for installing and updating applications), and a set of default applications. The desktop environment (like GNOME, XFCE, or KDE) can be tailored in appearance and functionality to align with user preferences. Popular Linux distributions and their versions It’s important to check the Linux OS version as the operating system offers a large selection of distributions, each with its own unique features and characteristics. Common forms include Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat, CentOS, Fedora and Mint. Ubuntu is famous for its user-friendly interface and regular updates. Debian is known for its strict adherence to free software principles. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) offers a stable and secure platform for businesses. CentOS provides similar features to users for free. Fedora is distinguished by its frequent updates and use of the latest software. Mint features a more traditional desktop environment. Each version differs in software, desktop environment, and support lifecycle. Each distribution has various versions or releases with different code names and updates. Ubuntu has editions such as Bionic Beaver, Cosmic Cuttlefish and Disco Dingo, while Fedora has editions such as Silverblue and Workstation. They satisfy different needs and preferences of a wide range of users. Each Linux distribution has its own unique version numbering system, because it is an open-source operating system developed and maintained by a community of developers. Therefore, each distribution has its own set of developers who make decisions about naming and numbering their releases. Users can easily determine which version they are using and what changes have been made since the last update, and developers can track their progress and plan future releases.  Typically a three-level version numbering system with numbers separated by dots is used. The first number is a major release for updates or changes to the distribution, the second number is a minor release for bug fixes, security updates, and minor feature additions, the third number is a hotfix release for minor bug fixes and updates. Ubuntu uses a version numbering system in the format 'XX.YY.ZZ', where the first number is a year, the second is a month of release, and the third number is incremented with each new release that month. The system displays the age of release and frequency of updates. Code names, such as names of animals or cities, are also used to recognize releases of Linux distributions. Fedora uses code names for its releases like 'Bordeaux' and 'Heisenbug' to make it easier for users to navigate the different versions. There are many ways to find out the version of the Linux operating system and get distribution information about it. We’ll cover the most commonly used. Read on to learn how to check OS version in Linux. How to check the Linux OS version through the 'lsb_release' command You can apply the lsb_release command to check the Linux OS version. You’ll receive detailed information about the distribution, release, and codename of your operating system. To start, open the terminal; Type the command: lsb_release -a Press Enter to view a list of information displayed in your terminal. The Distributor ID line is a name of your Linux distribution, for instance, Ubuntu, Fedora, or CentOS. The Description line is a brief description of your Linux distribution with details such as the release number and the codename of your system. The Release line is a display of the specific version of your Linux distribution, such as '18.04' for Ubuntu or a name like 'Bionic Beaver.' The Codename line is your system’s codename assigned to each version of a Linux distribution, such as 'Bionic Beaver' for Ubuntu 18.04. How to check the OS version in Linux through the 'cat /etc/os-release' command You can apply the cat /etc/os-release command to check the OS version in Linux. It will help you quickly determine your OS version and show detailed information. To start, open the terminal;  Type the command: cat /etc/os-release Press Enter to view a list of information displayed on your terminal. The ID field is the name of your Linux distribution, such as Ubuntu or CentOS. The VERSION_ID field is the specific version of that distribution, such as Ubuntu 18.04 or CentOS 7. The cat /etc/os-release command shows other useful information about your operating system, such as the name and version of the operating system kernel, the desktop environment or window manager you are using, and the OS build and release date. How to check version of OS in Linux through the 'uname -a' command You can apply the uname -a command to check the Linux OS version. It displays detailed information about your system's kernel version, architecture, processor type, hostname, and even the date and time of the last system boot. To start, open the terminal;  Type the command: uname -a Press Enter to view a list of information displayed on your terminal. The output typically includes the Linux operating system kernel version and system architecture to ensure that you download and install the correct version of the software, avoiding compatibility issues and potential bugs. The command also provides information about the last time the system booted for analyzing system performance and identifying potential problems. Other ways to check OS version in Linux The hostnamectl command This is a new way to check the Linux OS version, available on systems using systemd. It provides more detailed data than previous methods, including kernel version, architecture, and hardware platform. To get the output, open the terminal;  Type the command: hostnamectl Press Enter to view a list of information displayed on your terminal. The /etc/os-release file The /etc directory contains configuration files and scripts used by the system, including the os-release file with information about the OS version To get the output, open the terminal and enter the command: cat /etc/os-release The /etc/issue file This file with system information is used for login prompts as well as for checking the OS version in Linux. To get the output, enter the command: cat /etc/issue The name and version of the operating system are displayed here. The version file Some Linux distributions have a version file in the /etc directory with information about the distribution and version. To get the output, open the terminal and enter the command: cat /etc/version The distribution name and version number are displayed here. How to Check Linux OS Version Using GUI This operating system has several ways to check your OS version. We have already explored the common methods through the command line interface. Now let’s learn how to check the Linux OS version without command. This is where the graphical user interface (GUI) comes into play, offering a convenient way to access system information. You need to access the system settings: To start, click on the 'Activities' button on the top-left corner of the screen; Enter 'system' in the search bar; Navigate to the 'System Settings' window and click the 'Details' option to display the OS name, version, and other system information in a new window. Checking the OS version in any Linux distribution is similar and differs slightly only in names of the buttons or windows in the search bar:   In Ubuntu click on the 'Activities' button and type 'System Settings' in the search bar, then navigate to the 'Details' tab. In Fedora click on the 'Show Applications' button and type 'Settings' in the search bar, then navigate to the 'About' tab. In CentOS click on the 'Applications' button and navigate to 'System Tools' and then 'Settings', then navigate to the 'System' tab. Checking the OS Version in Linux FAQ Let's go over a few frequently asked questions about Linux OS versions. Why is it vital to check the OS version in Linux? Verifying the OS version in Linux is essential for ensuring compatibility, maintaining security, and accessing support. Each version has distinct software prerequisites, life cycle durations, and security patches. How often should I check my Linux OS version? Consistently verifying your OS version is crucial, especially before adding new software or updates. This practice keeps your system current and secure. What are some of the widely recognized Linux distributions? Some widely recognized Linux distributions are Ubuntu, Debian, Kali Linux, Raspberry Pi, CentOS, Fedora, and Linux Mint. Each one boasts unique features designed to cater to the diverse needs of its user base. Can I check the Linux OS version using a GUI? Yes, you can check the Linux OS version via the GUI by heading to the system settings and locating the 'Details' or 'About' section, depending on your particular distribution. Why do various Linux distributions have unique version numbering systems? Each Linux distribution is developed and maintained by a different community or organization. Consequently, they all have unique version numbering systems to monitor progress and schedule future releases. For instance, Ubuntu's version number format is 'XX.YY.ZZ', where 'XX' denotes the year, 'YY' indicates the month of release, and 'ZZ' increments with each new release within that month. Conclusion Linux OS versions vary in underlying architecture, package management system, desktop environment, security features, compatibility, and release cycles. Each version has its own unique set of features and benefits, so users can choose the one that best suits their needs and preferences. Understanding your Linux OS version helps you in troubleshooting and solving problems, providing a better insight into the system's capabilities and limitations, allowing you to make informed decisions when it comes to upgrading or modifying the system. Now you have learned the different methods on how to check OS version in Linux through special commands or using GUI. Choose the best way for yourself and use it. Regularly checking and updating your Linux OS version is a good practice to ensure productive and hassle-free operation of your computer. This ensures that the system is running the latest version and all necessary security protocols are installed. If you're already found out your Linux version, don't forget to check how to create a server image on Linux.
30 May 2025 · 11 min to read

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