How to Send Email in Linux from the Command Line with Sendmail and Mailx

Postfix is a widely used tool for routing and delivering emails. Known for its adaptability, reliability, and easy setup, it's essential to email systems. It ensures smooth message delivery and allows administrators to manage email traffic efficiently. To install Postfix, you will need to install the software, configure it with an external SMTP server, and set up verifications. Follow these guidelines for a seamless setup. Before moving to the main process, ensure you have: sudo privileges or root access on a Linux server  An external SMTP server (like Gmail)  Installing Postfix Employ the instructions below to install Postfix across several Linux distros: On Debian-based Linux Distros (like Ubuntu) sudo apt install postfix On Red Hat-based Linux Distros (like CentOS) sudo yum install postfix On Fedora sudo dnf install postfix On Arch Linux sudo pacman -S postfix During installation, users will see a setup window. This window will ask for basic setup settings. After finalizing, complete the installation. Configuring Postfix Correctly configuring Postfix is crucial for successful email delivery. This involves updating configuration files, activating authentication, and setting methods for processing and delivering mails. Here's the process: Step 1: Configuration File Modification The main.cf (Postfix configuration) contains principal settings, and to tweak them, open the file using: sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf Note: By default, new servers have ports 465 and 587 blocked. To unblock these ports, reach out to technical support. Step 2: Configuration with an External SMTP Server Set up the relay host and enable security protocols by adding the provided lines to the file: relayhost = [smtp.example.com]:587smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yessmtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwdsmtp_sasl_security_options = noanonymoussmtp_tls_security_level = encryptsmtp_tls_note_starttls_offer = yes Here: The initial line configures the Postfix relay host. This line sets the SMTP and port (587 for TLS); if you’re using Gmail, replace "smtp.example.com" with "smtp.gmail.com." The second line enables SASL authentication. The third line points to the file containing your SMTP credentials (an essential file that helps setup Postfix map sasl_password. The fourth line prevents anonymous connections. The fifth line causes the utility to utilize TLS encryption. The sixth line reports the server's STARTTLS offer. Save the file once you’ve adjusted the necessary settings. Step 3: Construct the SASL Credentials File Create a SASL password file via your SMTP credentials: sudo nano /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd Insert the credentials in the specified format within the file: [smtp.example.com]:587 email@example.com:password Substitute [smtp.example.com] with your chosen server (e.g., smtp.gmail.com). Swap out password and email@example.com with your real email address and corresponding password. Produce an app-specific password in Gmail by accessing the App Passwords segment of your account settings. Step 4: Protect the SASL Credentials Once done, protect your credentials via provided commands: sudo chmod 600 /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd sudo postmap /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd The first command restricts access to the credentials file, permitting read access solely to the root user. The application will authenticate via the hash database file generated by the second command. Step 5: Restart Postfix Restart to apply the changes: sudo systemctl restart postfix Note: If encountering an error like "fatal: the Postfix mail system is not running," double-check that the server is configured correctly and that all processes have been exactly followed. Testing the SMTP Server Now that everything has been modified, you can send mail. Before sending, install mailutils on your Linux PC using: sudo apt install mailutils Post-installation, check the configuration by sending a test mail using the specified format below: echo "Test email from Postfix" | mail -s "Test Postfix" recipient@example.com The first part displays the beginning part of the text intended for the mail body. Second is the pipe symbol (|) which directs the echo command’s output straight into the mail command. Third is the mail command that establishes the email’s subject when used with -s option. The last part indicates the email address of the test message's recipient. To make sure everything is functioning and that the test mail was delivered correctly, delve into the mail logs using: sudo tail -f /var/log/mail.log This log file provides a snapshot of recent activities. If the test mail logs successful, your setup is complete. Note: If experiencing difficulties receiving Gmail messages, use below guidelines: Enter your current login details to access Gmail through a web browser. Locate the gear icon at the top right, click it and select "See all settings." In the Gmail menu, pick "Forwarding and POP/IMAP." Go with "IMAP access" and activate "Enable IMAP." Continue scrolling down, and hit "Save Changes. By adhering to these guidelines, you'll activate IMAP in Gmail and improve the message delivery system. Setting Up Email Forwarding Email forwarding configuration ensures seamless redirection of incoming mails from one address to another, guaranteeing you never miss a message. This functionality is useful to centralize email management or direct system alerts to an external email address. Take the following action to configure forwarding: Step 1: Modify Aliases File Begin by adding modifications to the aliases file, which can be accessed using: sudo nano /etc/aliases To specify forwarding addresses, they must be detailed in the aliases file. For instance: root:    email@example.com This command ensures mails destined for the root are passed along to email@example.com. Users can establish extra forwarding rules as required. Step 2: Refresh the Aliases Database Refresh the aliases database to apply the modification using: sudo newaliases Step 3: Restart Postfix Lastly, restart again via: sudo systemctl restart postfix By sticking to these instructions, you may smoothly establish email forwarding, guaranteeing that mails intended for certain addresses are quickly forwarded to the selected account. Enabling SMTP Encryption Encrypting SMTP is a must to preserve the security and privacy of emails as they travel over the internet. Activating Transport Layer Security (TLS) strengthens the integrity of the communication path between the server and the mail client. Adhere to the below instructions to enable encryption: Step 1: Install Certbot First, the Certbot program needs to be installed to get a free TLS certificate from Let's Encrypt. The process of obtaining and renewing these certifications is made easier by Certbot, which can be installed on Ubuntu using: sudo apt install certbot Step 2: Allow HTTP Traffic Next, update the firewall settings to enable HTTP traffic on port 80 using the command provided below: sudo ufw allow 80 Step 3: Obtain a TLS Certificate Proceed by employing Certbot to acquire a TLS certificate for your domain. To achieve this, swap out your_domain with your real domain name in the command below: sudo certbot certonly --standalone --rsa-key-size 4096 --agree-tos --preferred-challenges http -d your_domain This command directs Certbot to: Use a 4096-bit RSA key to enhance security. Deploy a temporary independent server to carry out domain verification. Conduct the verification process through port 80. Adhere to the on-screen instructions and add your email address when prompted. After the process is finalized, Certbot will securely place your SSL certificate and private key within the /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain directory. Step 4: Postfix Configuration for TLS With the certificate in hand, update the settings to implement it by opening the configuration file via: sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf Find the TLS parameters part and update it to include these lines: # TLS parameterssmtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/fullchain.pemsmtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/privkey.pemsmtpd_tls_security_level=maysmtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certssmtp_tls_security_level=maysmtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache Alter your_domain to your real domain's name; subsequently, the tool will be able to use the TLS certificate to safeguard email exchanges. Step 5: Restart Postfix To implement the modified settings, restart again using: sudo systemctl restart postfix Send the mail after finishing that, then check the recipient's mailbox. Unencrypted mails are more prone to being flagged as spam by email providers so the message might appear almost instantly. Following these guidelines can help you send mails safely and reduce the likelihood that email providers may mark them as spam. Conclusion Setting up Postfix through external SMTP servers is a simple process that enhances your server's email capabilities. This guide has thoroughly covered the installation, configuration, and testing phases of Postfix, including the setup of email forwarding and the activation of SMTP encryption. By adhering to these steps, users can ensure their mails are delivered securely.

SMTP stands for "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol." As the name suggests, it is a protocol for sending and delivering emails to the recipient. What is an SMTP server? An SMTP server is a server responsible for ensuring the proper functioning of the SMTP protocol. Its main role is to act as a relay between the sender and the recipient. The SMTP server performs two essential tasks: Verifies the configuration of the device attempting to send a message and permits it to do so. Sends the message to the specified address and receives a response code. An SMTP server's responsibility ends here — it only handles sending emails. Receiving emails on the recipient's side is managed by other protocols, such as POP3 and IMAP. Basic steps of sending an email: The sender's server gathers the necessary information — such as the sender's and recipient's addresses, along with the message itself containing the required fields. The sender's server identifies the recipient's email provider by analyzing the recipient's email address and requests the IP address of the recipient's mail server. The sender's server receives a response from the recipient's server. If there is no response from the recipient's server, the sender's server will attempt to establish a connection multiple times. If there is still no response, an error code is returned. The standard port for SMTP is 25, but other ports like 465 and 587 are also used for secure SSL connections and mandatory authentication. It's worth noting that some providers block port 25 to prevent spam, so it's a good idea to check this with your provider. For SMTP, you can use cloud servers in almost any configuration. However, if you plan to send large volumes of emails or need to ensure that your emails are not marked as spam, using Google's SMTP server is recommended. Advantages of Using Google's SMTP Server Cost: One of the most obvious advantages is that Google SMTP is entirely free — you only need a Google account to use it. Pre-configured: Setting up and managing a mail server is quite complex and requires theoretical knowledge of network protocols and practical experience with server configuration. Using an external solution like Google's saves a lot of time configuring the server. Backup: You don't need to worry about the server's uptime — if something goes wrong in the middle of the night, Google's team will handle it. Google also takes care of backing up both sent and received emails, saving you the trouble of ensuring the security of valuable or confidential information. Indexing: Another advantage of storing emails on Google's servers is that indexing and searching through emails are powered by Google's computational resources. If you use the same SMTP for Gmail, emails will automatically appear in the "Sent" and "Inbox" folders, keeping everything organized in one place. Spam Protection: One of the biggest challenges with managing your own mail server is preventing emails from being marked as spam. When sending through Google's SMTP server, you can be confident that the email will arrive at the recipient's inbox just like any other Gmail message. Since Google doesn't use the standard port 25 for sending emails, the likelihood of the message being marked as spam or blocked by the recipient's provider is reduced. Disadvantages of Using a Third-Party SMTP Server Data storage on a remote server: One common concern with third-party SMTP servers is that all your communication is stored under Google's control. However, privacy concerns about keeping emails on your own servers are still valid, especially if you are communicating with average users who are unlikely to use their own SMTP servers. Email limits: Google limits the number of emails sent per day to 100. This limit is generally sufficient if you're testing the SMTP sending mechanism or your project doesn't require large volumes of outgoing emails. Setting Up Google SMTP You'll need access to a Google account to set up the Google SMTP service. In most cases, a simple login and password are sufficient. Still, if you have enabled two-factor authentication (which is highly recommended), you must generate an app-specific password. Here are the settings you'll need to configure Google's SMTP server: SMTP Server (Outgoing Mail Server): smtp.google.com SMTP Username: Your full email address SMTP Password: Your Google account password or the app password you generated SMTP Port: 465 Requires TLS/SSL?: Yes Note that Google will automatically overwrite the From header of any email you send via the SMTP server if it doesn't match your default email address. For instance, if you try to send an email from a non-existent address, Google will replace it with your real one. This is standard behavior, but you can adjust this in your email settings. Email Clients Besides sending automated emails using Google's SMTP server, you can also use these settings to connect with email clients like Thunderbird or Outlook. This way, you can send emails without using a browser or Google's standard client. However, to receive emails from your Google account in another client, you'll need to use POP3 or IMAP protocols. These settings are available in the same place as other Gmail mail settings, under the "Forwarding and POP/IMAP" section. Testing Email Sending We'll write a simple PHP script to test the configuration provided above. We'll send the email using the PHPMailer package, which we can install via the Composer dependency manager: composer require phpmailer/phpmailer Next, create a file index.php where we will specify the SMTP server settings and attempt to send a test email. <?php error_reporting(E_ALL); // Show all errors // Include PHPMailer require dirname(__FILE__) . '/vendor/autoload.php'; use PHPMailer\PHPMailer\PHPMailer; use PHPMailer\PHPMailer\SMTP; use PHPMailer\PHPMailer\Exception; $mail = new PHPMailer(true); // Specify that we are using SMTP $mail->isSMTP(); // Enable debugging output for testing purposes $mail->SMTPDebug = 2; $mail->Debugoutput = 'html'; // Provide the SMTP credentials $mail->Host = 'smtp.gmail.com'; // SMTP host $mail->Port = 587; // SMTP port $mail->SMTPSecure = 'tls'; // Encryption $mail->SMTPAuth = true; // Enable authentication $mail->Username = "user@gmail.com"; // Your Google account email $mail->Password = "62584jattjjtmxnpwf124"; // App-specific password // Specify sender and recipient information $mail->setFrom('test-mail@hostman.com', 'Test Sender Hostman); // Sender $mail->addReplyTo('replyto@example.com', 'First Last'); // Reply-To address $mail->addAddress('mail@yahoo.com', 'James Smith'); // Recipient // Subject and content $mail->Subject = 'Hostman: Google SMTP Test'; // Subject line $mail->msgHTML('<h1>Hello, Hostman</h1>'); // HTML content $mail->AltBody = 'This is a plain-text message body'; // Plain-text fallback // Output the result if (!$mail->send()) { echo "Mailer Error:". $mail->ErrorInfo; } else { echo "Message sent!"; } You can use the same script by replacing the credentials and recipients with your own information, including the Reply-To address. Now, execute the PHP script through the browser by loading the page. If everything is set up correctly, you'll see the output of the email being sent. If any credentials are incorrect, PHPMailer will display an error message. Next, open your email client and check if the email has arrived. Everything should work as expected, and you'll also see the email in the Sent folder in your Gmail account. Conclusion In this article, we explored the advantages of using Google's SMTP server, including the free setup and maintenance, reliable backup, and reduced likelihood of emails being marked as spam. Additionally, we wrote a simple PHP script to demonstrate how to send emails via Google SMTP. We also discussed some limitations and drawbacks of using third-party email services. If you decide to set up your own mail server, you can use Hostman's cloud servers. 

A mail server is a system that manages the correct delivery of emails from the sender to the recipient. For instance, when you send an email via Gmail, you’re using Google’s mail server. A mail client, on the other hand, is a program used to read, send, and store emails. Examples of mail clients include Microsoft Outlook, Thunderbird, and others. Protocols for Receiving and Sending Emails SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) The outgoing mail server uses the SMTP protocol, which stands for "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol." Its primary job is to relay messages between the sender and recipient. SMTP has two main functions: Verifying the sender's configuration and allowing the sending device to transmit the email. Sending the message and receiving the response code. SMTP servers use ports 25 (unencrypted) and 465 (encrypted) for sending emails. POP3 (Post Office Protocol) POP3 is a protocol for receiving emails. It allows a mail client to connect to the server and download the email to the local device, making it available for offline access. However, the email is typically removed from the remote server after downloading (though there's an option to keep a copy on the server). POP3 operates on ports 110 (unencrypted) and 995 (SSL/TLS encrypted). IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Like POP3, IMAP is used to receive emails, but it allows you to manage the messages directly on the server without downloading them locally. This is useful for accessing your email from multiple devices. IMAP uses ports 143 (unencrypted) and 993 (SSL/TLS encrypted). Why Set Up Your Own Email Server? The most common answer is: “To use your own domain in your email address.” While this is true, it's not the full picture. You can use your custom domain without setting up a dedicated mail server. Many services allow you to connect your domain to their mail servers. All you need to do is buy a domain and link it to their servers in the settings. The main advantage of this approach is that they already have a configured SMTP server. This means you don't need to deal with complicated tasks like configuring forwarding, setting up anti-spam filters, or managing other advanced settings. You simply need to correctly set the NS records (Name Server records), which is much easier than setting up your own mail server. However, using third-party services comes with limitations: Limited control: You won’t have full control over how your email operates. Sending limits: Every company has its own limits on how many emails you can send. If you send a large volume of emails (e.g., for corporate use or newsletters), these limits might be restrictive. If you decide to create your own mail server, you’ll need to manage: Email quotas and sending limits. Backups to avoid losing data. Avoiding spam blacklists. Setting up access permissions if multiple people are using the same mail system. Creating and maintaining your own email server gives you more control but also requires a higher level of technical expertise and responsibility. Setting Up an Email Server In this guide, we'll explore how to create your own email server. For this purpose, we'll use a Hostman cloud server, selecting Ubuntu 20.04 as the operating system. The mail server we configure will support encryption, have anti-spam protection, and include a web-based admin panel for managing emails. Preparing the Server The first step is to switch to the superuser root mode: sudo su Before installing the necessary software, update the server packages: apt update && apt upgrade Next, check whether the server's hostname matches the domain of your email: hostname If the response shows something different from your desired server name, use the following command: hostnamectl set-hostname mail.hostname.com Here, replace mail.hostname.com with your actual hostname. For the mail server and schedulers to work correctly, we need to configure the time zone by installing the time synchronization package chrony: apt install chrony timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Athens You can choose the appropriate timezone using the command: timedatectl list-timezones Start the chrony service: systemctl enable chrony Next, we need to open the necessary ports for the mail server using the iptables utility. The required ports are: 25, 465 — SMTP (for sending mail) 110, 995 — POP3 (for receiving mail) 143, 993 — IMAP (for receiving mail) 80, 443 — HTTP (for web services) The first port in each pair is for standard connections, and the second is for secure connections. Use iptables to open these ports: iptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp --match multiport --dports 25,110,143,465,587,993,995,80,443 -j ACCEPT Since iptables rules are only stored for the current session and will reset after a reboot, we need to make them persistent: netfilter-persistent save Now, with the server properly set up, we can proceed to install the necessary software to create a fully functional mail server. Installing and Configuring Postfix Postfix is an open-source mail transfer agent (MTA). It has a modular architecture, which means it doesn't require running as the root user. Let's install Postfix and the postfix-mysql package for database integration: apt install postfix postfix-mysql During installation, select Internet Site when prompted. This assumes you have access to edit DNS records and can specify an FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name). In the next window, keep the server name as is and continue. After installation, create a new user account to handle mail operations. First, create a group called vmail using groupadd: addgroup -gid 1080 vmail Next, create the vmail user and assign the home directory to /home/mail: adduser --home /home/mail -gid 1080 -uid 1080 vmail Where 1080 is the group ID (GID) and user ID (UID). If 1080 is already taken, you can choose a different value. Verify that the /home/mail directory belongs to the vmail user and group: ll /home Configuring Postfix With the user created, proceed to configure Postfix by editing the main configuration file /etc/postfix/main.cf: nano /etc/postfix/main.cf Make the following edits: # Domains we accept mail for mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost, localhost.localdomain # Postfix protocol inet_protocols = ipv4 # Path to the public certificate smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/mail/public.pem # Path to the private certificate smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/mail/private.key Then, add additional options required for Postfix to function correctly: # Mail storage location virtual_mailbox_base = /home/mail # Path to alias maps virtual_alias_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_alias_maps.cf # Domain storage format virtual_mailbox_domains = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_domains_maps.cf # Mailbox storage format virtual_mailbox_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_mailbox_maps.cf # Minimum virtual user ID virtual_minimum_uid = 1080 # UID for the main user handling mail virtual_uid_maps = static:1080 # GID for the group handling mail virtual_gid_maps = static:1080 # Register Dovecot as the mail delivery agent virtual_transport = dovecot # Enable secure authentication smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_exceptions_networks = $mynetworks smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth # Enable TLS encryption for outgoing SMTP connections smtp_use_tls = yes # Enable TLS support for incoming connections smtpd_use_tls = yes smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes smtpd_helo_required = yes Now, create the files referenced in the Postfix configuration. Start with the alias maps: nano /etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_alias_maps.cf Add the following content: user = postfix password = postfixPa$$w0rd hosts = localhost dbname = postfix query = SELECT goto FROM alias WHERE address='%s' AND active = '1' Similarly, configure the domain maps: nano /etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_domains_maps.cf Add: user = postfix password = postfixPa$$w0rd hosts = localhost dbname = postfix query = SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='%u' Finally, configure the mailbox maps: nano /etc/postfix/mysql_virtual_mailbox_maps.cf Add: user = postfix password = postfixPa$$w0rd hosts = localhost dbname = postfix query = SELECT CONCAT(domain,'/',maildir) FROM mailbox WHERE username='%s' AND active = '1' Edit the master.cf file: nano /etc/postfix/master.cf Add the following settings: submission inet n - n - - smtpd -o smtpd_tls_security_level=may -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot -o smtpd_sasl_path=/var/spool/postfix/private/auth -o smtpd_sasl_security_options=noanonymous -o smtpd_sasl_local_domain=$myhostname smtps inet n - n - - smtpd -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject dovecot unix - n n - - pipe flags=DRhu user=vmail:vmail argv=/usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -d ${recipient} Generating Security Certificates To ensure secure email transactions, generate security certificates using openssl. First, create the directory where the certificates will be stored (as specified in the main.cf file): mkdir -p /etc/ssl/mail Generate the certificates: openssl req -new -x509 -days 1000 -nodes -out /etc/ssl/mail/public.pem -keyout /etc/ssl/mail/private.key -subj "/C=CY/ST=Limassol/L=Limassol/O=Global Security/OU=IT Department/CN=mail.devnullhost.com" Finally, enable and restart Postfix: systemctl enable postfix && systemctl restart postfix Installing and Configuring Dovecot Dovecot is an open-source IMAP and POP3 server. We'll install it along with the required modules for database integration: apt install dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-mysql Next, we configure the mail storage method. Open the Dovecot configuration file: nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf In the file, specify the directory structure for storing mail. We'll use a hierarchy of domain → user: mail_location = maildir:/home/mail/%d/%u/ In the same file, configure the authentication method: service auth { unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth { mode = 0666 user = postfix group = postfix } unix_listener auth-userdb { mode = 0600 user = vmail group = vmail } } service stats { unix_listener stats-reader { user = vmail group = vmail mode = 0660 } unix_listener stats-writer { user = vmail group = vmail mode = 0660 } } Edit the Dovecot authentication configuration file: nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf Replace the line !include auth-system.conf.ext with !include auth-sql.conf.ext, indicating that SQL-based authentication should be used. Next, configure SSL encryption in Dovecot: nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf In this file, add the following: ssl = required ssl_cert = </etc/ssl/mail/public.pem ssl_key = </etc/ssl/mail/private.key When users connect for the first time, we want their mailboxes to be automatically created. To enable this, open the following file: nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/15-lda.conf Add the following line: lda_mailbox_autocreate = yes Now, configure Dovecot to connect to the database. Open the SQL configuration file: nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext Add the following lines to configure MySQL: driver = mysql connect = host=localhost dbname=postfix user=postfix password=postfixPa$$w0rd default_pass_scheme = MD5-CRYPT password_query = SELECT password FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' user_query = SELECT maildir, 1080 AS uid, 1080 AS gid FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' user_query = SELECT CONCAT('/home/mail/',LCASE(`domain`),'/',LCASE(`maildir`)), 1080 AS uid, 1080 AS gid FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' Open the main Dovecot configuration file to set up the server interface: nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf In this file, add the following line to listen on all available network interfaces: listen = * Finally, enable and restart Dovecot to apply the configuration: systemctl enable dovecot && systemctl restart dovecot Installing and Configuring PostfixAdmin For PostfixAdmin to work correctly, you need a configured web server, PHP, and a MySQL database (either a LAMP or LEMP stack). In this guide, we will skip the web server setup and go directly to installing PostfixAdmin. First, install the necessary PHP extensions: apt install php-mysql php-mbstring php-imap Download PostfixAdmin to the web server's root directory using wget: wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/postfixadmin/files/latest/download -O postfixadmin.tar.gz Create a directory for PostfixAdmin and extract the archive contents: mkdir -p /var/www/html/postfixadmin && tar -C /var/www/html/postfixadmin -xvf postfixadmin.tar.gz --strip-components 1 Then, create a directory for storing template caches: mkdir /var/www/html/postfixadmin/templates_c Set the correct permissions for the web server to access the PostfixAdmin directory: chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/postfixadmin Create the database and a user for PostfixAdmin: mysql -u root CREATE DATABASE postfix DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_general_ci; GRANT ALL ON postfix.* TO 'postfix'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'postfixPa$$w0rd'; exit; In the local configuration file of PostfixAdmin, add the database configuration: nano /var/www/html/postfixadmin/config.local.php The file contents should be: <?php $CONF['configured'] = true; $CONF['default_language'] = 'en'; $CONF['database_password'] = 'postfixPa$$w0rd'; $CONF['emailcheck_resolve_domain']='NO'; ?> Open the PostfixAdmin setup page in your browser by going to /postfixadmin/public/setup.php. You will be prompted to generate a password hash for authentication. Enter the password and click the button. A message containing the hash will appear below the form. Copy this hash and insert it into the config.local.php file: nano /var/www/html/postfixadmin/config.local.php Refresh the /postfixadmin/public/setup.php page and log in with the password you used to generate the hash. If everything is configured correctly, you should see a configuration check page. At the bottom of this page, there is a form to create an admin account. After successfully creating the admin, go to /postfixadmin/public/login.php and log in with the credentials you just set up. You will be redirected to the PostfixAdmin administration panel. Creating a Mailbox in PostfixAdmin In your browser, go to /postfixadmin/public/. In the top menu, choose "Domain List → New Domain." Then, in the "Overview → Create Mailbox" section, enter the details for a test email account. You can now test the connection using email clients. Use the following connection parameters: Server: Your server's hostname IMAP: Port 143, STARTTLS POP3: Port 110, STARTTLS SMTP: Port 25, STARTTLS Login and Password: The credentials you specified when creating the mailbox Conclusion In this guide, we explored what a self-hosted email server is and the technologies and software used to configure it. The main advantage of having your own mail server is the ability to fully customize it: create unlimited mailboxes, assign aliases, and manage users. All these features can be implemented by renting a cloud server from Hostman and configuring the server following this guide.