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How to Install Node.js and NPM on Ubuntu 24.04

How to Install Node.js and NPM on Ubuntu 24.04
JC Brian Refugia
Technical writer
Node.js
09.09.2024
Reading time: 6 min

The popular JavaScript runtime Node.js enables server-side programming with JavaScript. NPM, a package manager for Node.js projects, helps with dependency management. This guide will show how to install NPM and Node.js on Ubuntu 24.04.

Prerequisites

  • System (or a cloud server) running in Ubuntu 24.04

  • Root access or user with sudo privileges

Installing Node.js and npm from the Default Ubuntu Repository

  1. Update the package lists to ensure to have the most recent information on package versions and dependencies. Run the command below: 

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
  1. Node.js is normally available from Ubuntu's default repository. Install it by running the following command:

sudo apt install nodejs npm  -y

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Installing Node.js and npm via the NodeSource Repository

  1. Add the NodeSource repository for Node.js: 

curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x | sudo bash - 

7b6a7095 40cc 4db7 Acfb 32ea72359f17

Replace setup_20.x with the desired version. Different version can be found on nodesource.com.

  1. Use the following command to install Node.js after adding the NodeSource repository:

sudo apt install nodejs -y

Verifying the Node.js and npm Installation

Verify the following versions of Node.js and npm to make sure they were installed correctly. Run the below command.

node -v

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npm version

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Installing Specific Node.js Versions with NVM 

With the help of the robust utility Node Version Manager (NVM), devops may easily manage several Node.js versions on a single machine. This is very helpful when switching between several project needs.

  1. To install NVM, download and run the installation script from the NVM repository using the following command:

curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.3/install.sh | bash

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  1. After running the scripts, source the user profile and add NVM to the shell session. Add the following lines to the user's home directory (~/.bashrc, ~/.zshrc, or the corresponding shell profile script). Create it using nano editor:

nano ~/.bashrc
  1. 3. Add the following content:
export NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm"
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh"
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion"

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  1. Run the command below so changes will take effect.

source ~/.bashrc

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  1. With NVM installed, install the specific versions of Node.js. In this case, to install Node.js version 16, run the command below:

nvm install 16

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  1. Switch to a specific version of Node.js that is installed, using the command below.

nvm use 16

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Managing Node.js Projects

Several essential procedures and best practices are involved in managing Node.js projects in order to ensure the effectiveness, maintainability, and scalability of the application.

This is a tutorial to help to efficiently manage your Node.js projects.

  1. Launch the terminal, navigate to the project creation path, and make a folder named after the project you are creating.

mkdir my_project

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  1. Initiate the Node project by running the command npm init. Provide the required details (marked in red). All of the answers in this example will be default. The file package.json will result from this.

npm init

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  1. Install any required dependencies, such as nodemon and express. The package-lock.json file and the node_modules folder will be created as a result.
npm i express nodemon

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  1. To initialize git in the project, use the git init command. This will include the file .gitignore.
git init

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  1. Make a file called Readme.md that will have all of the project's information.
touch Readme.md

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  1. Make a file with the .env extension that will hold the project's credentials and sensitive data.
touch process.env

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  1. To launch the program, create a file with the name app.js or index.js.
touch app.js

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  1. Make two folders: Public (which contains resources and static files) and src (which contains controllers, models, routes, and views).
mkdir Public src

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  1. Check each and every folder and file that was generated. This is how a typical structure might look like. For the NODE JS application, it is best practice to establish a project structure, divide files based on their function, and place those files in the appropriate directories. To make it simple to confirm the existence and logic of any given file or folder, unify the application's naming conventions and include business logic in the controllers folder, for instance.
ls -lrt

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Best Practices for Node JS Project Structure

  1. For production systems, set up logging and monitoring with tools like Datadog or New Relic.

  2. Plan routine maintenance activities including performance reviews, security audits, and dependency updates.

  3. Put in place a backup plan for important configurations and data.

  4. Check for security flaws in your dependencies and code on a regular basis.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

There are some frequent problems that a user could run into when installing npm and Node.js. These troubleshooting instructions should help you to address the majority of typical problems that arise when installing npm and Node.js. The steps for troubleshooting these issues are listed below:

  1. When attempting to install Node.js or npm globally (i.e., using sudo), users get permission-related issues that prevent them from finishing the installation process.

  2. After installing nvm, the command is not recognized. The error nvm Command Not Found will be encountered. Make sure that the shell's configuration file (.bashrc, .bash_profile, .zshrc, etc.) has nvm sourced, and then the command source ~/.bashrc has been use to reload it.

  3. The npm version is out of date or does not correspond with the Node.js version after installing Node.js. Use nvm install <version> to install a particular Node.js version, which will include the matching npm version, and manually update npm by running npm install -g npm

Conclusion

In conclusion, an important initial step in creating new web applications and utilizing server-side JavaScript is installing Node.js and npm. Although installing software is usually simple, there are a few frequent problems that can arise, such as permissions conflicts, environment setup problems, or version mismatches. One can successfully overcome these problems by configuring npm to be compatible with your network environment, modifying system settings for global installations, and managing Node.js versions with tools like nvm.

Do not forget to update npm and Node.js frequently to take advantage of the newest features and security updates. It will have a strong base for developing and implementing Node.js-powered, scalable applications with correct setup and troubleshooting.

Node.js
09.09.2024
Reading time: 6 min

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Using node-cron to Automate Tasks in Node.js

In many projects, there is a need to automate the execution of functions or scripts at specific times. To address this need in Node.js, you can use the node-cron library. In this article, we’ll cover how to install the package, explore best practices, build a simple project, and deploy it to the cloud. What Are Cron and node-cron? Cron is a task scheduler used in Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux) that allows you to automatically run commands or scripts on a schedule. The schedule is written in crontab format, where each line describes the time and command to be executed. node-cron is a library for Node.js that implements cron functionality directly in JavaScript applications. It allows you to create tasks that run on a given schedule in real-time in a selected time zone, just like classic cron in Unix systems. Key Advantages of node-cron: Easy to integrate into existing Node.js projects Dynamic control over tasks Supports the same scheduling format as the classic Cron node-cron Syntax The syntax of node-cron is similar to traditional cron: Valid field values: Field Values Seconds 0–59 Minutes 0–59 Hours 0–23 Day of Month 1–31 Month 1–12 (or names) Day of Week 0–7 (or names, 0 or 7 = Sun) Using Multiple Values const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('1,2,4,5 * * * *', () => { console.log('Runs at minute 1, 2, 4, and 5'); }); Using Ranges const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('1-5 * * * *', () => { console.log('Runs every minute from 1 to 5'); }); Using Step Values Step values can be used with ranges or asterisks by adding / and a number. Example: 1-10/2 is the same as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. You can also use it after *, e.g. */2 to run every 2 minutes. const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('*/2 * * * *', () => { console.log('Runs every 2 minutes'); }); Using Names for Months and Days You can use full names for months and days of the week: const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('* * * January,September Sunday', () => { console.log('Runs on Sundays in January and September'); }); Or abbreviated names: const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('* * * Jan,Sep Sun', () => { console.log('Runs on Sundays in January and September'); }); cron.schedule Method The main method in node-cron is schedule(), which is used to set up a task. It takes a cron expression, the task function, and an optional configuration object: scheduled: whether the task is started automatically (Boolean) timezone: the time zone the cron will follow (String) Example: const cron = require('node-cron'); cron.schedule('0 1 * * *', () => { console.log('Will run at 01:00 Cyprus time'); }, { scheduled: true, timezone: "Europe/Cyprus" }); ScheduledTask Methods You can manage the state of a scheduled task using: start() — starts a stopped task stop() — stops a running task Starting a task: const cron = require('node-cron'); const task = cron.schedule('* * * * *', () => { console.log('Stopped task is now running'); }, { scheduled: false }); task.start(); Stopping a task: const cron = require('node-cron'); const task = cron.schedule('* * * * *', () => { console.log('Will run every minute until stopped'); }); task.stop(); Setting Up the Working Environment Let’s set up our environment for working with Node.js and node-cron. Installing Node.js and npm To begin local development, you need to install a recent version of Node.js (we recommend v22.14.0 LTS). This will install npm (Node Package Manager). For Windows: Go to the official website and download the installer. Run it and follow the installation instructions. For Linux / macOS: In the terminal, run: curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.40.1/install.sh | bash \. "$HOME/.nvm/nvm.sh" nvm install 22 After installation, verify everything with: node -v && npm -v Make sure the versions of Node.js and npm display correctly. Setting Up the Project Directory Create a new directory for your project and navigate into it: mkdir node-cron-project && cd node-cron-project Initialize the project: npm init -y Install node-cron: npm install --save node-cron Basic Example of Using node-cron Let’s build a simple but interesting project using the node-cron library. Our task is to automatically fetch the USD to EUR exchange rate and save the data to a file. This project is simple, yet it effectively demonstrates how to use node-cron for scheduled tasks. Installing Additional Libraries Install additional dependencies for the project: npm install axios fs axios — for making HTTP requests (to fetch exchange rate data) fs — built-in module to work with the file system (to write to files) Writing the Project Our app will do the following: Create a task to fetch the current exchange rate every minute Write the data to a file called exchange_rates.txt Log activity to the console Create a file named index.js and paste in the following code: const cron = require('node-cron'); const axios = require('axios'); const fs = require('fs'); // Create file if it doesn't exist if (!fs.existsSync('exchange_rates.txt')) { fs.writeFileSync('exchange_rates.txt', ''); } // Function to fetch exchange rate async function getExchangeRate() { try { const response = await axios.get('https://open.er-api.com/v6/latest/USD'); const rate = response.data.rates.EUR; return rate; } catch (error) { console.error('Error fetching exchange rate:', error); return null; } } // Function to save data to file function saveData(rate) { const currentTime = new Date().toLocaleString(); const data = { time: currentTime, rate }; fs.appendFileSync('exchange_rates.txt', `${JSON.stringify(data)}\n`); console.log(`Rate saved: ${currentTime} - ${rate} EUR`); } // Cron job running every minute cron.schedule('* * * * *', async () => { const rate = await getExchangeRate(); if (rate !== null) { saveData(rate); } }); console.log('Data collection started...'); Let’s explain what exactly this code does: if (!fs.existsSync(...)) — Checks if the file exchange_rates.txt exists; if not, it creates it. getExchangeRate() — Fetches the USD to EUR exchange rate using a public API (in this case, open.er-api.com). saveData() — Saves the retrieved rate and current timestamp to the file. cron.schedule('* * * * *', ...) — Sets up a cron job that runs every minute to get and save the latest exchange rate. 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Since node-cron is already installed, we only need to install nodemailer: npm install nodemailer Now create a file called app.js and write the following code: const nodemailer = require('nodemailer'); const cron = require('node-cron'); const recipients = [ 'recipient1@gmail.com', 'recipient2@outlook.com' ]; let transporter = nodemailer.createTransport({ service: 'gmail', auth: { user: 'sender@example.com', pass: 'PASSWORD' } }); function sendEmail(recipient) { let mailOptions = { to: recipient, subject: 'Scheduled Email', text: 'This email was sent automatically on a schedule using node-cron.', html: '<b>This email was sent automatically on a schedule using node-cron.</b>' }; transporter.sendMail(mailOptions, function(error, info){ if (error) { console.log(`Error sending email to ${recipient}:`, error); } else { console.log(`Email successfully sent to ${recipient}:`, info.response); } }); } cron.schedule('* * * * *', () => { console.log('Running cron job...'); recipients.forEach((recipient) => { sendEmail(recipient); }); }); Explanation: The recipients array contains the list of email recipients. 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Create the project directory: cd /home && mkdir nodemailer 3. Upload your files (app.js and package.json) On Windows, use FileZilla. On Linux/macOS, use: rsync -av --exclude="node_modules" ./ root@166.1.227.189:/home/nodemailer Explanation: --exclude="node_modules" — skip uploading installed libraries ./ — source directory root@166.1.227.189:/home/nodemailer — target path on the server 4. SSH into the server and verify the files: cd /home/nodemailer && ls 5. Install dependencies: npm install 6. Run the script: node app.js Check if the emails are being sent correctly. If there’s an issue, make sure port 465 (SMTP) is open on the server. If not, contact support to open it. 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How to Install and Use Yarn Package Manager for Node.js

Yarn is an efficient tool for managing dependencies in Node.js-based projects. It is known for its high speed, security, and ease of use. What is Yarn and Why Use It? Yarn is an alternative to the standard npm (Node Package Manager). It is designed to handle packages and projects built on Node.js. Yarn offers several advantages over npm: Speed: Yarn downloads packages in parallel, significantly reducing installation time. Security: The use of a yarn.lock file helps prevent version conflicts. Deterministic Builds: Ensures identical package versions across different machines. User-Friendly Interface: Cleaner command syntax and additional tools for dependency management. If your project involves working with many packages and dependencies, using Yarn can greatly simplify the task. It allows for faster and more secure package installations while making dependency management more predictable — a valuable benefit for team-based projects. Comparison of Yarn and npm Yarn's advantages make it particularly appealing for developers, especially in large-scale projects. Feature Yarn npm Installation Speed Faster thanks to caching Slower Dependency Handling Deterministic builds Potential version conflicts Lock File yarn.lock package-lock.json Ease of Use Simplified syntax More standard interface Installing Yarn Before installing Yarn, ensure that Node.js and npm are installed: Open the terminal or command prompt. Run the following commands to check the versions of Node.js and npm: node -vnpm -v If Node.js or npm is not installed, download them from the official Node.js website. You may also find our installation guide helpful. To install Yarn globally, run: npm install -g yarn Check if Yarn was installed successfully: yarn --version If the command returns the version number, Yarn has been installed correctly. Yarn Commands Yarn's intuitive syntax makes it easy to manage your project dependencies efficiently. Project Initialization To get started with Yarn, initialize your project to create a package.json file containing project and dependency information. Navigate to your project directory: cd your-project-directory Run the following command and follow the prompts: yarn init This will generate a package.json file with basic project settings. Installing Packages To install a single package: yarn add <package-name> This adds the specified package to your project. To install a package as a development dependency: yarn add <package-name> --dev This is useful for packages required only during development. To install a specific version of a package: yarn add <package-name>@<version> This allows you to select the desired package version. Installing All Dependencies If the project already contains a package.json or yarn.lock, run: yarn install This is helpful when cloning a project from a repository to quickly set up the environment. Removing Packages To remove a package from your project and update package.json, use: yarn remove <package-name> Updating Dependencies To upgrade packages to their latest versions, run: yarn upgrade This ensures your project uses the most current versions. Dependency Security Audit To identify vulnerabilities in your project dependencies: yarn audit This helps detect and address potential security threats. Caching Yarn leverages caching to speed up subsequent package installations. To clear the cache: yarn cache clean This command can be useful if you encounter issues during package installation. Conclusion Yarn is a modern tool for managing dependencies in Node.js projects. Its speed, security features, and intuitive interface make it an excellent choice for developers.
10 February 2025 · 3 min to read
Node.js

Difference Between Polling and Webhook in Telegram Bots

When developing Telegram bots using Node.js, there are two main methods for receiving user messages: Polling and Webhook. Both serve the purpose of handling incoming requests, but each has its unique features, making them suitable for different scenarios. What is Polling? Polling is a method of fetching updates from the Telegram server by periodically sending requests. The bot sends requests at specific time intervals to check for new messages or events. There are two types of polling: Long Polling and Short Polling. Long Polling In Long Polling, the bot sends a request to the server and waits for a response. If there are no new messages, the server holds the request open until a new message arrives or the timeout period ends. Once the bot receives a response, it immediately sends a new request. 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Instead of periodically polling the Telegram server, the bot provides Telegram with a URL, where POST requests will be sent whenever new updates arrive. This approach helps to use resources more efficiently and minimizes latency. In the following example, the bot receives requests from Telegram via Webhook, eliminating the need for frequent server polling. This reduces server load and ensures instant message handling. const TelegramBot = require('node-telegram-bot-api'); const express = require('express'); const bodyParser = require('body-parser'); const token = 'TOKEN'; // Your server URL const url = 'https://your-server.com'; const port = 3000; // Create a bot instance without automatic polling const bot = new TelegramBot(token, { webHook: true }); // Set the Webhook URL for your server bot.setWebHook(`${url}/bot${token}`); // Configure the Express server const app = express(); app.use(bodyParser.json()); // Request handler for incoming updates from Telegram app.post(`/bot${token}`, (req, res) => { bot.processUpdate(req.body); res.sendStatus(200); }); bot.on('message', (msg) => { const chatId = msg.chat.id; bot.sendMessage(chatId, `You wrote: ${msg.text}`); }); // Start the server app.listen(port, () => { console.log(`Server running on port ${port}`); }); To run the code and start the bot, install the required libraries: npm install node-telegram-bot-api express Server Setup We need to set up a server to work with Webhook. We'll use Hostman for this. Step 1: Set Up a Cloud Server Log in to your Hostman control panel and start by creating a new project. Next, create a cloud server. During the server creation process, select the Marketplace tab and choose Node.js. When the server starts, Node.js will automatically be installed. Choose the nearest region with the lowest ping. You can choose the configuration according to your needs, but for testing purposes, the minimum configuration will suffice. In the Network settings, make sure to assign a public IP. In the Authorization and Cloud-init settings, leave them unchanged.  In the server's information, specify the server name and description, and select the project created earlier. Once all settings are configured, click on the Order button. The server will start, and you will receive a free domain. Step 2: Install SSL Certificate Since Telegram's API only works with HTTPS, you need to install an SSL certificate. For this, you will need a registered domain name. To set up the web server and install the certificate, execute the following commands sequentially: Update available package lists: sudo apt update Create and open the Nginx configuration file: sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/your_domain Inside this file, add the following configuration: server { listen 80; server_name your_domain; location / { proxy_pass http://localhost:3000; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade'; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade; } } Replace your_domain with your actual domain name in this file and throughout the console. Create a symbolic link to the file: sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/your_domain /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ Restart Nginx: sudo systemctl restart nginx Install certbot to create SSL certificates: sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx Use certbot to configure the SSL certificate: sudo certbot --nginx -d your_domain Replace your_domain with your actual domain name. Examples of Using Polling and Webhook Before choosing a method for receiving messages, it is important to consider the characteristics of each approach and its applicability in different situations. Polling: Local Development: When developing and testing a bot on a local machine, using Long Polling allows for easy updates without the need to set up a server. Small Projects: If you are creating a bot for a small group of users or for personal use, and you do not have strict requirements for response time, Polling will be sufficient. Low Traffic Projects: If your bot is not expecting a large number of messages, using Short Polling can be appropriate as it is simple to implement. Webhook: Production Applications: For bots working in a production environment where immediate responses to events are important, Webhook is the preferred choice. For example, bots that handle payments or respond to user queries in real time should use Webhook to ensure high performance. High Traffic Systems: If you're developing a bot that will serve a large number of users, Webhook will be more efficient since it reduces server load by eliminating continuous requests. Systems with Long Operations: If your bot performs long operations (such as generating reports or processing data), Webhook can be used to notify users once these operations are complete. Comparison of Polling and Webhook To better understand the differences between the two approaches, here is a comparison table of their characteristics: Characteristic Polling Webhook Method of Data Retrieval Periodic requests to the Telegram server Automatic sending of updates to a specified URL Setup Simple setup, no additional resources required Requires HTTPS server setup and SSL certificate Response Speed May have slight delays due to polling intervals Near-instant message reception Resource Usage Continuously requests updates, taxing the server More resource-efficient since updates come automatically Infrastructure Requirements Does not require a public server Requires a public HTTPS server Reliability Does not depend on the availability of an external server Can be unavailable if there are issues with the HTTPS server Setup Issues in Local Environment Can be used locally for testing Difficult to use without public access Conclusion The choice between Polling and Webhook depends on the specific needs of your project. Polling is a simple and quick way to develop, especially in the early stages, while Webhook offers more efficient message processing for production environments.
31 January 2025 · 7 min to read

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